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function [x] = stabrnd(alpha, beta, c, delta, m, n)
% STABRND.M
% Stable Random Number Generator (McCulloch 12/18/96)
%
% x = stabrnd(alpha, beta, c, delta, m, n);
%
% Returns m x n matrix of iid stable random numbers with
% characteristic exponent alpha in [.1,2], skewness parameter
% beta in [-1,1], scale c > 0, and location parameter delta.
% Based on the method of J.M. Chambers, C.L. Mallows and B.W.
% Stuck, "A Method for Simulating Stable Random Variables,"
% JASA 71 (1976): 340-4.
% Encoded in MATLAB by J. Huston McCulloch, Ohio State
% University Econ. Dept. (mcculloch.2@osu.edu). This 12/18/96
% version uses 2*m*n calls to RAND, and does not rely on
% the STATISTICS toolbox.
% The CMS method is applied in such a way that x will have the
% log characteristic function
% log E exp(ixt) = i*delta*t + psi(c*t),
% where
% psi(t) = -abs(t)^alpha*(1-i*beta*sign(t)*tan(pi*alpha/2))
% for alpha ~= 1,
% = -abs(t)*(1+i*beta*(2/pi)*sign(t)*log(abs(t))),
% for alpha = 1.
% With this parameterization, the stable cdf S(x; alpha, beta,
% c, delta) equals S((x-delta)/c; alpha, beta, 1, 0). See my
% "On the parametrization of the afocal stable distributions,"
% _Bull. London Math. Soc._ 28 (1996): 651-55, for details.
% When alpha = 2, the distribution is Gaussian with mean delta
% and variance 2*c^2, and beta has no effect.
% When alpha > 1, the mean is delta for all beta. When alpha
% <= 1, the mean is undefined.
% When beta = 0, the distribution is symmetrical and delta is
% the median for all alpha. When alpha = 1 and beta = 0, the
% distribution is Cauchy (arctangent) with median delta.
% When the submitted alpha is > 2 or < .1, or beta is outside
% [-1,1], an error message is generated and x is returned as a
% matrix of NaNs.
% Alpha < .1 is not allowed here because of the non-negligible
% probability of overflows.
%
% If you're only interested in the symmetric cases, you may just
% set beta = 0 and skip the following considerations:
% When beta > 0 (< 0), the distribution is skewed to the right
% (left).
% When alpha < 1, delta, as defined above, is the unique fractile
% that is invariant under averaging of iid contributions. I
% call such a fractile a "focus of stability." This, like the
% mean, is a natural location parameter.
% When alpha = 1, either every fractile is a focus of stability,
% as in the beta = 0 Cauchy case, or else there is no focus of
% stability at all, as is the case for beta ~=0. In the latter
% cases, which I call "afocal," delta is just an arbitrary
% fractile that has a simple relation to the c.f.
% When alpha > 1 and beta > 0, med(x) must lie very far below
% the mean as alpha approaches 1 from above. Furthermore, as
% alpha approaches 1 from below, med(x) must lie very far above
% the focus of stability when beta > 0. If beta ~= 0, there
% is therefore a discontinuity in the distribution as a function
% of alpha as alpha passes 1, when delta is held constant.
% CMS, following an insight of Vladimir Zolotarev, remove this
% discontinuity by subtracting
% beta*c*tan(pi*alpha/2)
% (equivalent to their -tan(alpha*phi0)) from x for alpha ~=1
% in their program RSTAB, a.k.a. RNSTA in IMSL (formerly GGSTA).
% The result is a random number whose distribution is a contin-
% uous function of alpha, but whose location parameter (which I
% call zeta) is a shifted version of delta that has no known
% interpretation other than computational convenience.
% The present program restores the more meaningful "delta"
% parameterization by using the CMS (4.1), but with
% beta*c*tan(pi*alpha/2) added back in (ie with their initial
% tan(alpha*phi0) deleted). RNSTA therefore gives different
% results than the present program when beta ~= 0. However,
% the present beta is equivalent to the CMS beta' (BPRIME).
% Rather than using the CMS D2 and exp2 functions to compensate
% for the ill-condition of the CMS (4.1) when alpha is very
% near 1, the present program merely fudges these cases by
% computing x from their (2.4) and adjusting for
% beta*c*tan(pi*alpha/2) when alpha is within 1.e-8 of 1.
% This should make no difference for simulation results with
% samples of size less than approximately 10^8, and then
% only when the desired alpha is within 1.e-8 of 1, but not
% equal to 1.
% The frequently used Gaussian and symmetric cases are coded
% separately so as to speed up execution.
%
% Additional references:
% V.M. Zolotarev, _One Dimensional Stable Laws_, Amer. Math.
% Soc., 1986.
% G. Samorodnitsky and M.S. Taqqu, _Stable Non-Gaussian Random
% Processes_, Chapman & Hill, 1994.
% A. Janicki and A. Weron, _Simulaton and Chaotic Behavior of
% Alpha-Stable Stochastic Processes_, Dekker, 1994.
% J.H. McCulloch, "Financial Applications of Stable Distributons,"
% _Handbook of Statistics_ Vol. 14, forthcoming early 1997.
% Errortraps:
if alpha < .1 | alpha > 2
disp('Alpha must be in [.1,2] for function STABRND.')
alpha
x = NaN * zeros(m,n);
return
end
if abs(beta) > 1
disp('Beta must be in [-1,1] for function STABRND.')
beta
x = NaN * zeros(m,n);
return
end
% Generate exponential w and uniform phi:
w = -log(rand(m,n));
phi = (rand(m,n)-.5)*pi;
% Gaussian case (Box-Muller):
if alpha == 2
x = (2*sqrt(w) .* sin(phi));
x = delta + c*x;
return
end
% Symmetrical cases:
if beta == 0
if alpha == 1 % Cauchy case
x = tan(phi);
else
x = ((cos((1-alpha)*phi) ./ w) .^ (1/alpha - 1) ...
.* sin(alpha * phi) ./ cos(phi) .^ (1/alpha));
end
% General cases:
else
cosphi = cos(phi);
if abs(alpha-1) > 1.e-8
zeta = beta * tan(pi*alpha/2);
aphi = alpha * phi;
a1phi = (1 - alpha) * phi;
x = ((sin(aphi) + zeta * cos(aphi)) ./ cosphi) ...
.* ((cos(a1phi) + zeta * sin(a1phi)) ...
./ (w .* cosphi)) .^ ((1-alpha)/alpha);
else
bphi = (pi/2) + beta * phi;
x = (2/pi) * (bphi .* tan(phi) - beta * log((pi/2) * w ...
.* cosphi ./ bphi));
if alpha ~= 1
x = x + beta * tan(pi * alpha/2);
end
end
end
% Finale:
x = delta + c * x;
return
% End of STABRND.M